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quiet, they, strong, interest, two, like, unless, choice, but, if, how

The secrets of self-control

A new book, the bestseller, Willpower, says that having strong willpower (意志力) is necessary to a successful life.

The book starts by describing a famous experiment: The Marshmallow (软糖) Test. In 1972, a psychology (心理学) professor Mischel tested the willpower of 600 kids. In the experiment, each child was left alone in a room for fifteen minutes with a marshmallow on a table in front of 26. They were given two 27: they could either eat the marshmallow or, if they waited fifteen minutes, they’d be given a 28marshmallow (and then they could eat both).

So, what did the kids do? 70% ate the first marshmallow within the fifteen minutes,29the other 30% showed willpower they didn’t eat the first one and waited for the second marshmallow 30.

Twenty years later, Mischel discovered something 31. He got in touch with the children and found that those with strong willpower were getting better marks at university, were better behaved and were more popular. So,32 important it is to have strong willpower!

But don’t worry 33 you aren’t good at controlling yourself. The authors say that willpower is like a muscle (肌肉). The more you exercise it, the 34 it gets. However, just 35 any muscle, your “willpower muscle” can get tired. So, if you have to do lots of things that need willpower, take a break. That way, you’ll build up your willpower again.

Lastly, the authors mention that people who learn foreign languages usually have a lot of willpower. So, congratulations!

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【答案】

26them

27choices

28second

29but

30quietly

31interesting

32how

33if

34stronger

35like

【解析】

本文介绍了一本书——《意志力》,书中通过一则实验说明了坚强的意志力是成功人生的必要条件。

26句意:在实验中,每个孩子被单独留在一个房间里15分钟,在他们面前的桌子上放着一颗软糖。

根据下文中they可知,此处是在他们面前的桌子上放着一颗软糖they代替参加实验的孩子们,they是人称代词主格,放在介词之后应使用宾格形式themthem他们。故填them

27句意:他们有两个选择:要么吃这颗软糖,要么等15分钟将会给他们第二个软糖(然后他们可以吃掉两颗软糖)

根据句中either…or…可知,他们可以吃这颗糖,也可以等待下一颗糖,所以此处使用名词choice的复数形式choiceschoice选择,表示他们有两个选择。故填choices

28句意:他们有两个选择:要么吃这颗软糖,要么等15分钟将会给他们第二颗软糖 (然后他们可以吃掉两颗软糖)

根据下文中they didn’t eat the first one and waited for the second marshmallow可知,此处使用two的序数词形式second,意为第二,表示要么等15分钟将会给他们第二颗软糖。故填second

29句意:70% 的孩子们在15分钟内吃完了第一颗软糖,但是另外30% 的孩子们表现出了意志力——他们没有吃第一颗软糖,而是静静地等待着第二颗软糖。

根据句中70% ate the first marshmallowthe other 30% showed willpower可知,前后两个分句意思转折,即:70% 的孩子们在15分钟内吃完了第一颗软糖,但是另外30% 的孩子们表现出了意志力;but是表示转折的连词,意为但是。故填but

30句意:70% 的孩子们在15分钟内吃完了第一颗软糖,但是另外30% 的孩子们表现出了意志力——他们没有吃第一颗软糖,而是静静地等待着第二颗软糖。

根据上文第二段中each child was left alone in a room和句中waited for the second marshmallow可知,每个人都单独在一个房间里,所以他们是在静静地等待第二颗软糖;quiet是形容词,其副词形式为quietly,意为静静地waited for the second marshmallow quietly静静地等待着第二颗软糖。故填quietly

31句意:二十年后,米契尔发现了有趣的事情。

something是不定代词,其后可接形容词对其进行修饰;根据下文中He got in touch with the children and found that those with strong willpower were getting better marks at university, were better behaved and were more popular.可知,他发现那些意志力强的孩子在大学成绩更好,表现更好,更受欢迎,所以此处使用interest的形容词形式interesting,意为有趣的something interesting有趣的事情,用来表示他发现的这件事情很有趣。故填interesting

32句意:所以,有强大的意志力是多么重要啊!

根据句末标点符号是感叹号,以及句中形容词important可知,此处使用how引导感叹句,how+形容词+主语+谓语。故填how

33句意:但如果你不擅长控制自己,也不用担心。

根据句中you aren’t good at controlling yourselfBut don’t worry都是两个独立完整的句子,此处使用连词if,表示但如果你不擅长控制自己,也不用担心if意为如果。故填if

34句意:你练习得越多,它就越强大。

根据句中the morethe可知,此处是the+比较级结构;get是系动词,所以此处使用形容词strong的比较级stronger,意为更强大的。故填stronger

35句意:然而,就像任何肌肉一样,你的意志力肌肉也会疲劳。

根据上文中The authors say that willpower is like a muscle.可知,作者说意志力就像肌肉,所以此处使用like,意为,表示就像任何肌肉一样,你的意志力肌肉也会疲劳。故填like

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1.

How Much Can We Afford to Forget?

In 2018, Science magazine asked some young scientists what schools should teach students. Most said students should spend less time memorizing facts and have more space for creative activities. As the Internet grows more powerful, students can access (获得) knowledge easily. Why should they be required to carry so much of it around in their heads?

Civilizations(文明)develop through forgetting life skills that were once necessary. In the Agricultural(农业的)Age, a farmer could afford to forget hunting skills. When societies industrialized, the knowledge of farming could be safe to forget. Nowadays, smart machines give us access to most human knowledge. It seems that we no longer need to remember most things. Does it matter?

Researchers have recognized several problems that may happen. For one, human beings have biases(偏见),and smart machines are likely to increase our biases. Many people believe smart machines are necessarily correct and objective, but machines are trained through a repeated testing and scoring process. In the process, human beings still decide on the correct answers.

Another problem relates to the ease of accessing information. When there were no computers, efforts were required to get knowledge from other people, or go to the library. We know what knowledge lies in other brains or books, and what lies in our heads. But today, the Internet gives us the information we need quickly. This can lead to the mistaken belief-the knowledge we found was part of what we knew all along.

In a new civilization rich in machine intelligence, we have easy access to smart memory networks where information is stored. But dependency on a network suggests possibilities of being harmed easily. The collapse of any of the networks of relations our well-being(健康)depends upon, such as food and energy, would produce terrible results. Without food we get hungry; without energy we feel cold.And it is through widespread loss of memory that civilizations are at risk of falling into a dark age.

We forget old ways to free up time and space for new skills. As long as the older forms of knowledge are stored somewhere in our networks, and can be found when we need them, perhaps they’re not really forgotten. Still, as time goes on, we gradually but unquestionably become strangers to future people.

30·Why are smart machines likely to increase our biases?

ABecause they go off course in testing and scoring.

BBecause we control the training process on them.

CBecause we offer them too much information.

DBecause they overuse the provided answers.

31The ease of accessing information from the Internet    ·

Afrees us from making efforts to learn new skills

B. prevents civilizations from being lost at a high speed

Cmisleads us into thinking we already knew the knowledge

Dseparates the facts we have from those in the smart machines

32The word "collapse" in Paragraph 5 probably means‘‘—,,·

Aa sudden failure                                         Bthe basic rule

Ca disappointing start                                   Dthe gradual development

33What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage?

ATo question about the standards of information storage.

BTo discuss our problems of communication with machines.

CTo stress the importance of improving our memorizing ability.

DTo remind us of the risk of depending on machines to remember.

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1.

阅读短文,根据短文内容回答问题。

Huge Waves Destroying Arctic Ice Faster than Expected

Ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean(北冰洋). Some pieces of ice are huge, like moving islands. As temperatures have increased, however, some of the ice has begun to disappear. Scientists have discovered huge waves(海浪)in the arctic waters.

The waves were discovered by accident in May, 2010. Scientist Aleksey Marchenko and his students set out on a trip. They wanted to study the icy waters.

On May 2, the ship traveled east and stopped next to a large chunk of ice around 50 miles from the small island of Hopen. Marchenko prepared to lead his students out onto the Ice.

"We were ready to go but when I went out, I discovered many cracks(裂缝)around," he remembers.

He decided to move the ship deeper into the ice to keep safe. The farther in they went, he thought, the harder the ice would become. As they pushed forward, however, the ship experienced small waves, and then bigger ones. Soon, the waves broke up the ice around the ship into thousands of smaller pieces

Within an hour, Marchenko and his team saw a wave that was about 13 feet high. The ship's navigation(航行)system finally recorded the largest waves. They were more than 20 feet in height. The waves were so strong that they forced huge pieces of ice to jump up and down, breaking the ice into smaller pieces within just one hour. Scientists had never imagined that the process could happen so fast. The waves in these areas used to be small.

The speed and force of the huge waves there makes it impossible to know in advance when they are coming. That could be dangerous for navigators and local communities who are unprepared for huge waves or depend on sea ice to protect them. Wildlife like polar bears and walruses that depend on sea ice to live is also in danger.

Some scientists think people will soon see even bigger waves in these icy waters. As waves break up ice, the seas will become more open, and the waves will get even stronger. There are stormy times ahead.

34When did Marchenko and his students discover huge waves in the arctic waters?

35Why did Marchenko and his students set out on the trip?

36What did Marchenko decide to do to keep safe?

37How high were the largest waves recorded by the navigation system?

38What is Paragraph 7 mainly about?

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1.

    How did people tell the time before clocks were invented?

At first, the ancient people looked up at the sun and could tell it was the middle of the day when the sun was directly overhead in the sky. They also knew when it was morning or evening.

Later, the Egyptians used sticks. These sticks measured (测量) time during the day. The sun shone on the tall stick and the stick made a shadow (阴影). As the sun moved across the sky, the position (位置) of the shadow changed. This would let people tell what time it was.

Over time, the Chinese first used sundials instead of shadow sticks. The sundial has a type of shadow stick on it. As the sun shines on it, a shadow appears on the numbers. Each number stands for an hour of the day. But sundials don't work at night or on a cloudy day! There are no shadows unless the sun is out.

Water clocks used water to measure time at night. Water dripped (滴落) slowly from one bowl into another. The level of the water in the bowls showed the time.

People also used sand-glasses. You may have seen one. Some games still use sand-glasses. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. It measures short amounts of the time. The more sand falls, the more time has passed. When the sand has finished falling, you have to turn the sand-glasses over.

11At first, the ancient people told the time by looking at ________.

Athe stick                 Bthe shadow             Cthe sun                   Dthe moon

12Which picture can be a "sundial"?

A    B  

C  D

13Sundials can be used to tell the time when it is ________.

Asunny                    Brainy                      Ccloudy                   Dsnowy

14Which is right according to the passage?

ASticks measured time in Egypt day and night.

BSundials were first used in ancient Egypt.

CSand-glasses usually measure a long time.   

DThe water clock told the time by the water level in the bowls.

15What's the main idea of the passage?

ASomething about sundials.                         

BHow to tell the time by looking at the sun.

CHow to tell the time in the past.                  

DSome inventions in China.

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1.

根据短文内容选择最佳答案。

Last year, a special kind of glove came out.It was invented to help bind people to learn Braille,which is a special system for the blind to read by touching.Shaking motors(震动马达) are put on each finger of the glove.They can make different sounds to tell a user which letter he is touching. Recently, two British college students have invented another special glove for the blind.It can make the user feel small and quick movements.An ultrasonic sensor(超声波传感器)with a battery is put on the back of the glove.When the user wearing the glove is close to an object(物体),ultrasonic waves(超声波) from the glove are sent out(发出).As soon as they hit the object in front,the waves will return to the glove.Then the waves cause the glove to shake.And the ultrasonic sensor makes different kinds of sounds.The sounds make the user know how far he is from the object.

In the college invention competition, the two students got first prize and won 1,540 pounds.One of the designers said, “Now the ultrasonic sensor on the glove is quite large.We’re going to use the money to develop a smaller and lighter ultrasonic sensor.”

89The underlined word“Braille”in the passage means “________” in Chinese.

A盲文                                 B口语                                 C手语

90The glove with an ultrasonic sensor ________.

Acan make only one kind of sound

Bcan make the user feel small and quick movements

Cwas designed by two American college students

91Picture ________ shows how the glove with an ultrasonic sensor works according to the passage.

A                  B               C

92Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

AThe sounds from the ultrasonic sensor make the user know what the object is.

BThe two college students wanted to use 15,400 pounds to develop the glove.

CThe glove with shaking motors was invented for blind people.

93What is the best title for this passage?

AThe Way to Make Gloves

BTwo Kinds of Special Gloves

CAn Ultrasonic Sensor and Shaking Motors

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