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1.

Rock-paper-scissors is a game played all around the world. Ever since we were kids. we have relied on it to deal with disagreements with friends——from which channel to watch to who gets to eat the last ice Cream——all because we think the results are completely random.

But are they?

Wang Zhijian, PhD, a professor at Zhejiang Universitybelieves that there is a regulation behind this simple game. So he gathered 360 students, divided them into

groups of six and had each group play 300 rounds of rock-paper-scissors, reported USA Today.

After the first results, Wang thought he was wrong, because players chose each of the three moves about one-third of the time, suggesting that the game is random after all. However, Wang later noticed a surprising regulation of behavior in the data. When players won a round, they usually stuck to the same choice. But when they

lostthey tended to change to a more powerful move. For example, if Player A had

just thrown down scissors to beat Player B's paperPlayer A was more likely to throw down scissors again while Player B was likely to choose rocksince rock beats scissors. According to Wang, this might be a function that is called conditional response.

So, for the next step of his study, as he told BBC, Wang plans to do some research about how human brains make quick decisions when competing.

Now that you've learned how to predict the moves of your opponent, youll have an advantage next time you play rock-paper-scissors with your friends. But there is one problemmake sure they havent read about Wang's study, or your advantage

will disappear.

Also, Wang pointed out that his predictions were made depending on the results of the prior round, so when it comes to the very first round, it is always a matter of chance. This means that if you and your friends want to decide something by only one round, the study wont be much help to you.

1.What does the underlined word random in the first paragraph probably mean?

A.Equal (平等的)B. Amusing                            C. Unpredictable    D. Strange

2.which of the following is TRUE about  Wang Zhijian and his study?

A. He found a new game theory called conditional response.

B.He asked 360 students to play a total of 300 rounds of rock-paper-scissors.

C.After studying the first several results, Wang discovered the pattern behind the game.

D.The study suggested that the traditional belief that rock-paper-scissors game is random is wrong.


3.According to the study, if play A has just used rock to beat Player Bs scissors, then A is more likely to choose   and B is more likely to choose  

A.rockpaper  B. rock: scissors  C. scissor; rock  D. paper; scissors

4.What will Wang study about rock-paper-scissors in the future, according to the article?

A.The functions related to the game that are hard-wired into our brains.

B.  How human brains make quick decisions when competing in the game.

C. The psychological behind the players who always win the game.

D. How to improve playersability to predict opponents moves.

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1C 2D 3A 4B

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考点梳理:
根据可圈可点权威老师分析,试题“ ”主要考查你对 科教类阅读 等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“资料梳理”如下:
◎ 科教类阅读的定义
科普类的阅读:
科普类的阅读理解包含介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时,要以事实为中心进行思考,抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。
如果是介绍社会现象的文章,要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
◎ 科教类阅读的知识扩展
1. 加强整体意识,把握文章的主要内容。在阅读的时候可给段落标上序号,并给重要的句子和
   关键词做上记号,尤其是各段中心句,为答题提供更快捷更多的信息源。
2. 审清题干,发觉和把握试题中有效的提示性信息,确认命题的角度、阅读范围和答题方式。
3. 定位阅读,强化对应意识。同时要注意原文利用和自我加工相结合。
◎ 科教类阅读的知识点拨
答题技巧:
1. 加强整体意识,把握文章的主要内容。在阅读的时候可给段落标上序号,并给重要的句子和
   关键词做上记号,尤其是各段中心句,为答题提供更快捷更多的信息源。
2. 审清题干,发觉和把握试题中有效的提示性信息,确认命题的角度、阅读范围和答题方式。
3. 定位阅读,强化对应意识。同时要注意原文利用和自我加工相结合。
◎ 科教类阅读的教学目标
1、正确认识到我国科教方面取得的成就和存在的不足,增强民族自豪感和自信心。
2、树立强烈的社会责任感,树立正确的学习观念。
3、从日常生活小事做起,培养创新精神,为国家发展尽自己的一份力量。
◎ 科教类阅读的考试要求
能力要求:了解/识记
课时要求:1
考试频率:必考
分值比重:5

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1.

                                              Swimming and English Learning

Can you swim? Do you like swimming? Yes? Well, how can you learn to swim? I think the best way is to go into the water and learn. I’m afraid you’ll never learn to swim just by reading books about swimming or looking at others swimming. It’s the same with the English study. We must practice, practice and practice.

Listening and speaking are very important for beginners. The children in English-speaking countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate and speak. We can listen to English programs on radio. You may just understand a few words. It doesn’t matter. Just be relaxed, try to catch every word.

Somebody may be a good listener. But he dare not speak. He’s afraid of making mistakes. You know we sometimes make mistakes when we speak Chinese. Don’t be afraid. We must be brave. If you really want to learn English well, you must try to speak with everyone so long as he knows English. Whether you know him or not is not important when there’s nobody to talk with, you can talk to yourself in English. It’s interesting and also a good way to practice your spoken English. Remember, the more you speak, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.

Reading and writing are more important for senior school students. First we must choose the books we’re interested in. A lot of reading will improve your language sense. This is the most important.

Keep writing English diaries. We can also write English articles. You may even post them to English magazines. Don’t be afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success.

Easier said than done. Well, let’s do more practice from now on. I’m sure you’ll learn English well in this way.

1. You can learn to swim by_______.
     A. reading books about it

     B. looking at others swimming

     C. having lessons on it

     D. going into the river and learning

2. We should learn English by _______.

A. listening and speaking           B. reading and writing

C. A and B                                 D. swimming

3. What will you do with mistakes when you speak?

A. Don’t make mistakes.          B. Study hard

C. Try not to speak English        D. Don’t be afraid.

4. What’s more important for senior school students?

   A. listening    B. speaking    C. reading and writing   D. learning

5. We can listen to English ______, according to the passage.

   A. by train     B. on the radio   C. every minute   D. now and then

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1.

       What do you do if you’re stranded(处于困境的) on a lonely island? Surely you need to find a way to get in touch with the outside world. Your best chance of doing this is to draw the attention of a passing plane.

Body signals (信号)

       Pilots from different countries understand body signals if they have the correct training. When you wave your arms up and down in a straight line, it means “yes”. When you point downwards and swing your arm from side to side, it means “no”. if you want the polite to know that it’s safe to land, push your hands out in front of you and bend (弯曲) your knees. If you want to say that it’s not safe to land, put your arms in the air and move them to one side.

Smoke signals

       The smoke from a fire can be seen from far away, so it’s a good way to draw attention. If the weather is dry, it isn’t hard to start a fire. Remember, however, that fires can be very dangerous if they get out of control. Never light a fire unless you’re sure that it can’t spread. It the ground is dark, light smoke can be seen more easily. Green grass and leaves produce light smoke.

Ground-to-air signals

       It’s a good idea to build some signals, too. Use large pieces of wood to make the symbols(标记). If you can’t find any wood, use earth. Some useful symbols are:

       F     “I need food and water.”

       II    “I need medicine.”

       I      “I am badly hurt.”

       X     “I am unable to move from here.

Pilots’ replies

       If the pilot lowers the plane’s wings from side to side, this means “message received and understood”. (At night, the pilot flashes the plane’s green lights.) If the pilot flies the plane in a clockwise circle, this means “message received but not understood”. (At night, the pilot flashes the plane’s red lights.)

       However, there is no signal which means “message not received”. Why not?

54. Which picture means “it’s not safe to land”?

55. What can we learn from the passage?

       A. Swinging your arm from side to side means “yes”.

       B. If the ground is dark, light smoke can’t be seen.

       C. If you need some medicine, make a symbol “II”.

       D. The pilots make replies with a blue light at night.

56. What is the passage mainly about?

       A. The explanation of building signals on an island.

       B. The importance of making signals on an island.

       C. Ways of sending out signals on a lonely island.

       D. Ways of receiving signals from a lonely island.

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1.

A wedding(婚礼) Invitation

 You’re invited to the wedding of Carrie and Henry at St John’s Church(教堂), on Saturday January 24th at 3:30 p.m. and dinner at the Blue Sky Restaurant, at 6:00p.m.

                                        R.S.V.P: December 29th

Dear Joe,

   I’m so excited and I have to enjoy the news with you. Today is December 23rd, I got a very special invitation from Carrie before Christmas Day(圣诞节). Do you remember the party for the Sydney group at Henry’s house? And do you remember my best friend, Carrie? Well, guess what? Carrie and Henry are getting married? It’s so romantic! Love is here!

  Carrie and Henry are having a big wedding at St. John’s Church. Monica and James are going to their wedding. Oh, I can’t wait to enjoy it. I got the invitation and it is for two people. Can you come to the wedding with me?

  Carrie and Henry are going to Suzhou for their honey moon(蜜月). I’m buying them a camera for their wedding. But before the wedding, I’d like to get my hair cool and buy a pink dress first.

  Call me at 9:00 a.m., on Friday, January 23rd, OK?

                                                    Maria

36. Maria got this wedding invitation from          .

   A. Carrie.           B. Joe.            C. Monica.             D. James

37. Monica and James are taking part in the wedding on          .

   A. Friday morning.    B. Friday afternoon.   C. Saturday morning.   D. Saturday afternoon.

38. What does “getting married” mean in Chinese?

   A. 参加聚会        B. 过圣诞节        C. 做礼拜           D. 结婚

39. The friends to the wedding party are going to have dinner         .

   A. in Suzhou.        B. at Henry’s house    C. at St John’s Church  D. at the Blue Sky Restaurant

40. From the invitation card, we know that         .

   A. Monica is having fun in Suzhou.           B. they are having the wedding in January.

   C. Monica is going to buy a camera for Joe     D. the wedding dinner starts at 7:00 p.m.

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1.

    In some parts of the Unites States, farming is easy. But farming has always been difficult in the north-eastern corner of the country, which is called New England.

    New England has many trees and thin, rocky soil. Anyone who wants to start a farm here has had to work very hard. The first job is to cut down all the trees. The next job is to dig the stumps (树桩) of the trees out of the soil. Then the farmer has the most difficult job of all, removing stones from his land, which never really ends, because every winter more stones appear. They come up through the thin soil from the rocks below. Farmers have to keep removing stones from the fields. Even today, farms which have been worked on for 200 years keep producing more stones.

    That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around the new England fields. The stone walls are not high, and can easily be climbed, but they keep the farmer’s cow from joining his neighbour’ cattle.

    6. New England lies _______.

A. in England                                    B. in the USA

C. to the northeast of England        D. to the northeast of Canada

    7. The word ‘remove’ means _______.

A. move again      B. carry out         C. take away     D. bring back

    8. In what order would a farmer in New England do the following things to start a new farm?

a. Removing the stones from the soil        b. Building a stone wall round his fields

c. Digging out the tee stumps.      d. Cutting down the trees.

A. a, b,  d,  c     B. b, c, d, a         C. d, b, c, a ,     D. d, c, a, b

    9. What is the great difficulty New England farmers have in their farming?

A. The soil is as hard as rock             B. There are too many stones

C. Plants scarcely grow                    D. The soil is too thin

    10. New England farmers build stone walls around their fields _________.

A. to save the trouble of taking away the stones

B. to keep their neighbours from breaking into

C. because stone walls are stronger than fences

D. because stone walls are easy to build

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